Arab World English Journal (AWEJ) Volume 17. Number 3, September 2026 Pp. 226-245

Mixed Learning Environment for Learning English as a Foreign Language: The Post-COVID Kazakh Context in the Central Asia

Kazakh National Pedagogical University named after Abai
Altynsarin National Academy of Education, Astana, Kazakhstan

Altynsarin National Academy of Education, Astana, Kazakhstan

King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Samarkand State University named after Sharof Rashidov, Samarkand, Uzbekistan.

Corresponding Author: drintakhab@yahoo.com

School-lyceum #123 named after T.Zhurgenov, Kyzylorda, Kazakhstan

National Research University, Universitetskaya, Karaganda, Kazakhstan.

Department of Foreign Languages and Translation, Korkyt Ata Kyzylorda University,                 Kyzylorda, Kazakhstan.

Abstract:

The COVID-19 pandemic considerably reshaped higher education, prompting universities worldwide to expand their reliance on online and blended modes of teaching and learning. This study investigates students’ experiences, preferences, and perceived effectiveness of mixed learning environments in the post-pandemic context of Kazakhstan. A quantitative cross-sectional design was employed, involving 515 undergraduate students from three universities in Astana. Data was collected through a structured online questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson’s Chi-square tests. The findings indicate that while 42.5% of students prefer traditional face-to-face instruction due to higher motivation and interaction, a majority (50.7%) favor blended learning as it combines flexibility with instructional effectiveness. Only six to seven% of respondents support online learning. Furthermore, 74.8% of students expressed a preference for retaining online elements particularly recorded lectures within future teaching models. A statistically significant relationship was observed between age and learning preferences (χ² = 106.9, p < .001), with younger students showing stronger inclination toward blended learning. The results suggest that blended learning represents a sustainable and pedagogically effective model for post-COVID higher education in Kazakhstan. The study highlights the need for institutional investment in digital infrastructure, faculty training, and inclusive policies to support hybrid learning environments.

Cite as:

Bulatbayeva, K. N., Kussainov, G. M. , Khan, I. A., Iskakova, A. Z., Shaimerdenova, A. G., & Kenshinbay, T.Y. (2026). Mixed Learning Environment for Learning English as a Foreign Language. Arab World English Journal, 17(3): 226-245.

References:

Ahmed, M. S., et al. (2025). Remote online learning reimagined: Perceptions and experiences of medical students in a post-pandemic world. *BMC Medical Education*. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-025-06815-6

Alatni, B. S., Abubakar, I. R., & Iqbal, S. A. (2021). COVID-19 and rapid course adaptations in Saudi Arabia: An experiential learning and recommendations for online education. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 643203. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.643203

Ali, A., Khan, R. M. I., & Alouraini, A. (2023). A comparative study on the impact of online and blended learning. *SAGE Open*. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440231154417

Amirova, A., Nurumov, K., Kasa, R., Akhmetzhanova, A., & Kuzekova, A. (2023). The impact of the digital divide on synchronous online teaching in Kazakhstan. Frontiers in Education, 7, 1083651. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.1083651

Alkattan, R., & Alreshaid, L. (2025). The effectiveness of live and prerecorded video demonstrations in teaching restorative dentistry to undergraduate students: Cohort study. JMIR Formative Research, 9, e74383. https://doi.org/10.2196/74383

Al-Samiri, R. A. (2021). English language teaching in Saudi Arabia in response to the COVID-19 pandemic: Challenges and positive outcomes. Arab World English Journal, Special Issue on COVID-19 Challenges (1), 147–159. https://doi.org/10.24093/awej/covid.11

Azevedo, J. P., Hasan, A., Goldemberg, D., Geven, K. & Iqbal, S. A. (2021). Simulating the potential impacts of COVID-19 school closures on schooling and learning outcomes: A set of global estimates. World Bank Research Observer, 36(1), 1–40. https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/lkab003

Bhatia, P., & Joseph, A. A. (2023). Teaching during COVID-19 pandemic in India: An interpretive phenomenological analysis of faculty’s perceptions and experiences. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 47(7), 925–940. https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2023.2203317

Burgess, S., & Sievertsen, H. H. (2020, April 1). Schools, skills, and learning: The impact of COVID-19 on education. CEPR Policy Portal. https://voxeu.org/article/impact-covid-19-education

Carrillo, C., & Flores, M. A. (2020). COVID-19 and teacher education: A literature review of online teaching and learning practices. Journal of Education for Teaching, 46(4), 466–487. https://doi.org/10.1080/02607476.2020.1821184

Dhawan, S. (2020). Online learning: A panacea in the time of COVID-19 crisis. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 49(1), 5–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047239520934018

Donnelly, R., Patrinos, H. A., & Gresham, J. (2021, April 2). The impact of COVID-19 on education: Recommendations and opportunities for Ukraine. World Bank. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/opinion/2021/04/02/the-impact-of-covid-19-on-education-recommendations-and-opportunities-for-ukraine

Donnelly, R., & Patrinos, H. A. (2022). Learning loss during COVID-19: An early systematic review. Prospects, 51(4), 601–609. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11125-021-09582-6

Durrani, N., Qanay, G., Mir, G., Helmer, J., Polat, F., Temirbekova, A., & Karimova, N. (2023). Achieving SDG 4: Equitable quality education after COVID-19—A case study of Kazakhstan. Sustainability, 15(20), 14725. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152014725

Education International. (2020, March 23). Albania: Education union uses technology to reduce impact of COVID-19. https://www.ei-ie.org/en/item/23263%3Aalbania-el-sindicato-de-la-educacion-utiliza-la-tecnologia-para-atenuar-el-impacto-del-covid-19

Engzell, P., Frey, A., & Verhagen, M. D. (2021). Learning loss due to school closures during the COVID-19 pandemic. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(17), e2022376118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2022376118

Fabian, K., Smith, S., & Taylor-Smith, E. (2024). Being in two places at the same time: A future for hybrid learning based on student preferences. TechTrends, 68(4), 693–704. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-024-00974-x

Feubli, P., MacKevett, D., & Schwarz, J. (2024). Hybrid teaching and learning: A conjoint analysis of student preferences in online and onsite scenarios. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 40(2), 761–774. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.12913

Gothwal, P., Sharma, B. D., Chaube, N., & Luqman, N. (2022). Impact of COVID-19: A particular focus on Indian education system. In R. C. Poonia, B. Agarwal, S. Kumar, M. S. Khan, G. Marques, & J. Nayak (Eds.), Cyber-physical systems (pp. 207–218). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-824557-6.00002-9

Ibrayeva, Z., Kurmanbek, Y. D., & Warditz, V. M. (2024). Digital education during pandemic and situation in Kazakhstan: Current state and forecasts. Eurasian Journal of Philology: Science and Education, 110(3). https://doi.org/10.26577/EJPh.2023.v191.i3.ph19

Iqbal, S. A., & Patrinos, H. A. (2025). Learning during the pandemic: Evidence from Uzbekistan. Prospects. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11125-025-09736-w

Iqbal, S. A., & Patrinos, H. A. (2025). Learning during the pandemic: Evidence from Uzbekistan. Prospects. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11125-025-09736-w

Iskakova, F., Utepbergenova, Z., Mamyrbekova, S., Daniyarova, A., Zhagiparova, Z., Abdrakhmanova, Z., & Auyezova, E. (2023). The impact of COVID-19 on education: A cross-sectional study of distance learning among medical students. Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 37, Article 112. https://doi.org/10.47176/mjiri.37.112

Khalaf, M. E., Abubakr, N. H., & Ziada, H. (2023). Students’ experience of online learning in a blended learning setting. Education Sciences.

Li, X., Peng, L., Tu, H., Liu, L., Han, X., Ye, L., & Yang, J. (2025). Dental undergraduate students’ perceptions of blended learning in the COVID-19 and post–COVID-19 years: Survey study. JMIR Formative Research, 9, e63453. https://doi.org/10.2196/63453

Lockee, B. B. (2021). Online education in the post-COVID era. Nature Electronics, 4, 5–6. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41928-020-00534-0

Mehta, K. J., Aula-Blasco, J., & Mantaj, J. (2024). University students’ preferences of learning modes post COVID-19-associated lockdowns: In-person, online, and blended. PLOS ONE, 19(7), Article e0296670. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0296670

Myravyova, N., Zhurbenko, N., & Artyushina, G. (2021). Blended learning for teaching professionally oriented foreign and native languages. Arab World English Journal, Special Issue on CALL (7), 126–139. https://doi.org/10.24093/awej/call7.9

Mellar, H., Peytcheva-Forsyth, R., Kocdar, S., et al. (2018). Addressing cheating in e-assessment using student authentication and authorship checking systems: Teachers’ perspectives. International Journal of Educational Integrity, 14, 2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40979-018-0025-x

Müller, C., Mildenberger, T., & Steingruber, D. (2023). Learning effectiveness of a flexible learning study programme in a blended learning design: Why are some courses more effective than others? International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 20, 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-023-00379-7

Nurgaliyeva, S., Bolatov, A., Abildina, S., Zeinolla, S., Kurbonova, B., & Kyyakbayeva, U. (2024). COVID-19 online learning challenges: Kazakhstan secondary schools case study. Frontiers in Education, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2024.1448594

OECD. (2020). Education responses to COVID-19: Embracing digital learning and online collaboration. https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/

Pokhrel, S., & Chhetri, R. (2021). A literature review on impact of COVID-19 pandemic on teaching and learning. Higher Education for the Future, 8(1), 133–141. https://doi.org/10.1177/2347631120983481

Raes, A. (2022). Exploring student and teacher experiences in hybrid learning environments: A systematic review. Computers & Education, 190, 104607.

Shatla, M. M., Hegazy, N. N., & Abd Elbary, N. M. (2024). Learners’ determinants of learning environment preferences: Online vs. blended. Journal of Medical Education and Practice, 1(1), 26–37. https://doi.org/10.21608/JMEP.2024.344301

Sheerah, H. A. H. (2020). Using blended learning to support the teaching of English as a foreign language. Arab World English Journal, Special Issue on CALL (6), 191–211. https://doi.org/10.24093/awej/call6.13

UNESCO. (2020). Global education monitoring report 2020: Inclusion and education—All means all. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. https://doi.org/10.54676/JJNK6989

UNESCO. (2021). Reimagining our futures together: A new social contract for education. UNESCO. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000379707

UNICEF. (2021, March 2). COVID-19 and school closures: One year of education disruption. UNICEF.

World Bank. (2020). The COVID-19 crisis response: Supporting tertiary education for continuity, adaptation, and innovation. https://www.worldbank.org/

World Bank. (2021). Tertiary education and COVID-19: Impact and mitigation strategies in Europe and Central Asia. https://www.worldbank.org/

Facebook
Twitter
LinkedIn
Tumblr
Reddit
Email
StumbleUpon
Digg

Kulzhanat Nurymzhanovna Bulatbayeva is a Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor at Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, and Chief Researcher at Ibrai Altynsarin National Academy of Education. She leads a scientific linguodidactic school focused on multilingualism and has authored more than 200 publications, including monographs, textbooks, and two pedagogical technologies. Her achievements include the awards Best Higher Education Teacher of 2019, Best Professor of Kazakhstan (2020), and the I. Altynsarin Award for Best Scientific Research in Pedagogy (2021).
ORCID: 0000-0002-7288-8120

 Gabit Muckanaevich Kussainov is a leading expert in pedagogy and educational policy in Kazakhstan, serving on doctoral dissertation councils and national educational bodies. His research focuses on educational modernization, teacher professional development, psycholinguistics, rural education, and the digital transformation of vocational training. He has participated in seven funded research projects and serves on the editorial board of ZERTTE. He has authored more than 200 scientific publications, including works indexed in Web of Science and Scopus, as well as 19 author certificates and one patent. ORCID: 0000-0003-2438-9527

 Intakhab Alam Khan is an educator, researcher, author, and Professor at King Abdulaziz University and Visiting Professor at Samarkand State University named after Sharof Rashidov. He has authored 19 books and approximately 95 research papers published in Scopus, Web of Science–indexed, and other academic journals. He serves as an honorary chief editor and associate editor for several international peer-reviewed educational journals. He has held leadership roles in international conferences, including publication chair positions for proceedings published by Atlantic Publisher, part of Springer Nature. His research focuses on higher education, curriculum development, innovative teaching methodologies, and educational research. ORCID: 0000-0001-7058-2200

Aikerim Zharkynbekovna Iskakova is a doctoral student in the Department of Foreign Philology at L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University and an English teacher at School-Lyceum No. 123 named after T. Zhurgenov, Kyzylorda, Kazakhstan. Her research interests include pedagogy, language education, assessment, and functional literacy. She has contributed to national educational standards, curricula, and methodological materials and is a member of the project Conceptual Foundations of the National Integrated Assessment System (BR21882300, 2023–2025). She has authored more than 40 publications, including two Scopus-indexed articles. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5017-7128

Ainur G. Shaimerdenova, doctoral candidate at E.A. Buketov Karaganda National Research University, Kazakhstan. Her research interests are related to the issues of training future teachers, the characteristics of children of the Alpha generation and their education in the context of digitalization of education. As part of her doctoral dissertation, she studies the problems of teacher training for teaching younger schoolchildren foreign languages in modern conditions. Her ORCID ID is: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5103-9672

 Temirbolat Kenshinbay Ybraiuly is a Candidate of Philological Sciences (Ph.D.), Acting Associate Professor, and Head of the Working Group for International Projects and Scholarship Programs at Korkyt Ata Kyzylorda University, Kazakhstan. He has 48 years of experience in English language teaching and extensive expertise in language education and higher education reform. He has received professional training in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States and has published more than 70 scientific works. From 2007 to 2014, he served as a Higher Education Reform Expert for Kazakhstan’s National Team, contributing to Erasmus+ and Bologna Process initiatives. His contributions have been recognized with the Republic of Kazakhstan Medal “For Labor Excellence.” ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4337-8794