Arab World English Journal (AWEJ) Volume 16. Number 2, June 2025 Pp.233-261

Examining the Effectiveness of Sketch Engine for Verb-noun Collocation Learning among Chinese Low-Proficiency Learners

School of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities,
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Corresponding Author: yangshuang@graduate.utm.my

School of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities,
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Abstract:

Developing collocational competence is essential for Second Language proficiency, yet low-proficiency learners often struggle with verb-noun collocations due to the arbitrary nature of collocational patterns. While influential corpus tools such as the Corpus of Contemporary American English and the British National Corpus serve as valuable resources for collocation learning, they also pose significant cognitive challenges for low-proficiency learners. Therefore, this study investigated the effectiveness of corpus tools integrated with pedagogical practices in facilitating verb-noun collocation learning among Chinese low-proficiency learners, to identify the most suitable tool tailored to their specific learning needs. A quantitative research method was employed, utilizing an intervention design with pre-and post-tests to compare the impact of using Sketch Engine for Language Learning (SkELL) and COCA in enhancing learners’ verb-noun collocation proficiency. Furthermore, the eight-week intervention integrated SkELL and COCA into collocation lessons respectively, each designed within the framework of Corpus-Based Language Pedagogy (CBLP), presenting how strategic instruction maximized the potential of corpus tools in facilitating learners’ improvement in verb-noun collocation proficiency. The findings of the study revealed that SkELL significantly improved verb-noun collocation proficiency among Chinese low-proficiency EFL learners, attributed to its intuitive interface, simplified search functions, and scaffolded learning environment. Moreover, this study offers valuable contributions to the design of corpus-based instruction by demonstrating the effectiveness of SkELL as a corpus tool tailored to the needs of Chinese low-proficiency EFL learners. The study concluded with insights on pedagogical implications and recommendations for further research.

Cite as:

Yang, S.& Adnan, W.N.A.  (2025). Examining the Effectiveness of Sketch Engine for Verb-noun Collocation Learning among Chinese Low-Proficiency Learners. Arab World English Journal, 16(2): 233-261

References:

Ackermann, K., & Chen, Y. (2013). Developing the Academic Collocation List (ACL)–A corpus-driven and expert-judged approach. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 12(4), 235-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2017.08.004

Akbari, J., Haghverdi, H., & Biria, R. (2015). Instructional efficacy of corpus-based tools in teaching collocations to Iranian university students with different majors. Journal of Applied Linguistics and Language Research, 2(8), 218-229.

Akıncı, M., & Yıldız, S. (2017). Effectiveness of corpus consultation in teaching verb+ noun collocations to advanced ELT students. Eurasian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 3(1), 91-108. https://doi.org/10.32601/ejal.461036

Al-Mahbashi, A., Noor, N. M., & Amir, Z. (2015). The effect of data driven learning on receptive vocabulary knowledge of Yemeni University learners. 3L, Language, Linguistics, Literature, 21(3), 13-24.

Alharbi, M. S. (2024). Unveiling linguistic frontiers in the 21 st century: A systematic literature review of the rise of big data’s role in data-driven language learning in the Saudi Arabian context. Arab World English Journal, 15(4), 3-21. https://doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol15no4.1

Alsehibany, R. A., & Abdelhalim, S. M. (2023). Enhancing academic writing vocabulary use through direct corpus consultation: Saudi english majors’ perceptions and experiences. Arab World English Journal, 14(1), 178. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4431295

Altun, H. (2021). The learning effect of corpora on strong and weak collocations: implications for corpus-based assessment of collocation competence. International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education, 8(3), 509-526. https://doi.org/10.21449/ijate.845051

Ayyat, A. (2024). Implementing a three-stage approach to teach writing skills using the corpus of contemporary American English in a foundation program context. Arab World English Journal, 15(4), 241-254. https://doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol15no4.15

Boers, F., Lindstromberg, S., & Eyckmans, J. (2014). Some explanations for the slow acquisition of L2 collocations. Vigo International Journal of Applied Linguistics(11), 41-62.

Boulton, A., & Cobb, T. (2017). Corpus use in language learning: A meta‐analysis. Language Learning, 67(2), 348-393. https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12224

Chen, L. (2017). Corpus-aided Business English collocation pedagogy: An empirical study in Chinese EFL learners. English Language Teaching, 10(9), 181-197. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.5539/elt.v10n9p181

Crosthwaite, P. (2024). Corpora for language learning. Routledge.

Daskalovska, N. (2015). Corpus-based versus traditional learning of collocations. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 28(2), 130-144. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2013.803982

Durmuş, B. Y., & Kilimci, A. (2020). A corpus-driven deductive and inductive collocation instruction for young learners of English. International Journal of Language Academy, 8(4), 371-383. https://doi.org/10.29228/ijla.46179

Fraenkel, J., Wallen, N., & Hyun, H. (2012). How to design and evaluate research in education (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.

Frankenberg-Garcia, A. (2024). DDL support for academic English collocations. In Corpora for language learning (pp. 71-83). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003413301-6

Gablasova, D., Brezina, V., & McEnery, T. (2017). Collocations in corpus‐based language learning research: Identifying, comparing, and interpreting the evidence. Language Learning, 67(S1), 155-179. https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12225

Girgin, U. (2019). The effectiveness of using corpus-based activities on the learning of some phrasal-prepositional Verbs. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology-TOJET, 18(1), 118-125.

Hirata, Y., & Hirata, Y. (2019). Applying ‘Sketch Engine for language learning’ in the Japanese English classroom. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 31(2), 233-248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12528-019-09208-z

Huang, Z. (2014). The effects of paper-based DDL on the acquisition of lexico-grammatical patterns in L2 writing. ReCALL, 26(2), 163-183. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0958344014000020

Jafarpour, A. A., Hashemian, M., & Alipour, S. (2013). A corpus-based approach toward teaching collocation of synonyms. Theory & Practice in Language Studies (TPLS), 3(1), 51-60. https://doi.org/10.4304/tpls.3.1.51-60

Kilgarriff, A., Marcowitz, F., Smith, S., & Thomas, J. (2015). Corpora and language learning with the Sketch Engine and SKELL. Revue Française de Linguistique Appliquée, 20(1), 61-80. https://doi.org/10.3917/rfla.201.0061

Leedy, P. D., & Ormrod, J. E. (2015). Practical research. Pearson Education Limited.

Li, S. (2017). Using corpora to develop learners’ collocational competence. Language Learning & Technology, 21(3), 153-171.

Liu, J., & Ma, Q. (2025). Examining corpus-based language pedagogy (CBLP) practices in data-driven learning (DDL) for low-proficiency L2 English learners: A meta-analysis. Educational Technology & Society, 28(2), 53-76. https://doi.org/10.30191/ETS.202504_28(2).RP04

Liu, T., & Gablasova, D. (2023). Data-driven learning of collocations by Chinese learners of English: a longitudinal perspective. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2023.2214605

Łuszcz, M. (2016). Enhancing development of communicative skills in English through teaching English collocations in a corpus-based approach. Kalbų Studijos(29), 88-101.

Ma, Q., & Mei, F. (2021). Review of corpus tools for vocabulary teaching and learning. Journal of China Computer-Assisted Language Learning, 1(1), 177-190. https://doi.org/10.1515/jccall-2021-2008

Ma, Q., Mei, F., & Qian, B. (2024). Exploring EFL students’ pronunciation learning supported by corpus-based language pedagogy. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2024.2432965

Ma, Q., Tang, J., & Lin, S. (2022). The development of corpus-based language pedagogy for TESOL teachers: A two-step training approach facilitated by online collaboration. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 35(9), 2731-2760. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2021.1895225

Mbah, A. K., & Paothong, A. (2015). Shapiro–Francia test compared to other normality test using expected p-value. Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation, 85(15), 3002-3016.

Men, H. (2020). Data-driven learning in enhancing learners’ language idiomaticity. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET), 15(23), 27-41. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v15i23.19023

Ministry of Education (2018). The China’s standard of English ability was officially released by the ministry of education and the national language committee. http://www. moe. gov.cn/srcsite/A19/s229/201804/t20180416_333315.html

Nguyen, H. (2022). New measures of academic collocation knowledge: Wordlist-based test development and argument-based validation [Thesis, Victoria University of Wellington Library.

Saeedakhtar, A., Bagerin, M., & Abdi, R. (2020). The effect of hands-on and hands-off data-driven learning on low-intermediate learners’ verb-preposition collocations. System, 91, 102268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2020.102268

Satake, Y. (2023). The effects of corpus use on learning L2 collocations of light verbs and nouns. Asia Pacific Journal of Corpus Research, 4(2), 41-55.

Sun, W., & Park, E. (2023). EFL learners’ collocation acquisition and learning in corpus-based instruction: A systematic review. Sustainability, 15, 13242. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151713242

Tabib, F. M. (2022). Exploring the effect of instructional scaffolding on foundation level students’ writing at the city University College of Ajman: A case study. Arab World English Journal, 13(3), 185-201. https://doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol13no3.12

Ucar, S., & Yükselir, C. (2015). The effect of corpus-based activities on verb-noun collocations in EFL classes. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology-TOJET, 14(2), 195-205.

Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes (Vol. 86). Harvard University Press.

Wray, A. (2002). Formulaic language and the lexicon. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511519772

Wu, Y. A. (2015). Utilizing corpus resources accompanied by other consultation resources in enhancing collocation accuracy and collocation richness in L2 writing. [Doctoral thesis, University of California, Santa Barbara]. https://alexandria.ucsb.edu/lib/ark:/48907/f3kh0kh0

Wu, Y. A. (2016). The effects of utilizing corpus resources to correct collocation errors in L2 writing – Students’ performance, corpus use and perceptions. In S. Papadima-Sophocleous, Bradley, L., & Thouësny, S. (Eds.), CALL Communities and Culture – Short Papers from EUROCALL 2016 (pp. 479-484). Research-publishing.net. https://doi.org/10.14705/rpnet.2016.eurocall2016.610

Wu, Y. A. (2021). Discovering collocations via data-driven learning in L2 writing. Language Learning & Technology, 25(2), 192–214. https://doi.org/10125/73440

Yoon, H. (2008). More than a linguistic reference: The influence of corpus technology on L2 academic writing. Language Learning & Technology, 12(2), 31-48.

Facebook
Twitter
LinkedIn
Tumblr
Reddit
Email
StumbleUpon
Digg

Shuang Yang is currently a PhD candidate in TESL at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Her main research interests include applications of corpus linguistics in language learning and teaching, L2 teaching pedagogy, and computer-assisted language learning (CALL). ORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7581-1571. Email: yangshuang@graduate.utm.my

 Wan Nur Asyura Wan Adnan is a Senior Lecturer at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Her main research interest is 21st-century language teaching methodology and discourse analysis.
ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2332-6703. Email: asyura.kl@utm.my