Views: 5,677
Arab World English Journal ( September 2024) Theses ID 310 Pp.1-185
Department of English Language and Literature, Faculty of Languages,
University of Kufa, Iraq
English translations of Arabic literary works have highly affected the Western context of science fiction and fantasy. This study investigates how the English translations of post-occupation Iraqi fiction contribute to the evolution of Western genres or the English-speaking worlds. The study seeks to explain the relationship between post-2003 Iraqi literary works that are a diverse range of corpus and the influence of their translations to Anglophone literary canon using Iraq +100 and The Corpse Exhibition and Other Stories of Iraq by Hassan Blasim, and Frankenstein in Baghdad by Ahmed Saadawi. Hassan Blasim’s edited anthology, Iraq +100, is a prominent element in this study as it illustrates the interrelation between Arabic science fiction and Western traditions of this genre of fiction. Therefore, the primary objective of this study is to analyze the three selected books as science-fictional works in the Western world and how these texts are a response to science and fantasy fiction genres. Moreover, the translated works of post-occupation Iraqi fiction deals with political and social impact under the situation of Iraq after 2003. The study also analyses the fictional works of two Iraqi writers, Ahmed Saadawi and Hassan Blasim, as illustrative of a specific expression of post-2003 Iraqi fiction that depicts the terror of violence in Iraq by delivering scenes of excessive violence in their texts. All in all, this study appears as an interdisciplinary work as it engages with translation studies, literary studies, history, and in a way, political science.
Cite as: Al-Fahham, S.A. A. (2024). The Contribution of Post-Occupation Iraqi Translated Fiction to the Western Science and Fantasy Fiction Genres. T.C. İstanbul University Institute of Social Science, English Language and Literature, Turkey (M.A.Thesis). Retrieved from Arab World English Journal (ID Number:310) September 2024:1-185. https://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awej/th.310
| Abbas, L., H. (2008) Ighmad al-Aynayn. Amman: Azminah, 2008. Translated by Yasmeen Hanoosh (2013) as [Closing His Eyes]. London: Moment Digibooks Limited. Adonis. (1992). An Introduction to Arabic Poetics. Trans. Catherine Cobham. Cairo: American University Press. P. 1-80 Aljbaili, D. (2007). Márquez’s Curse, Publications of the Union of Writers in Basra, Iraq, 2007. Alkriti, Z. A. M., & Janoory, L. B. (2019). A Postcolonial Reading of Double Consciousness: Internal and External Displacement in Post-2003 Iraqi Novel. International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences (IJELS), 4(6). Allen, R. (1995). The Arabic novel: an historical and critical introduction. Syracuse University Press. P. 11 Allen, R. (2003). Translating Arabic literature. In R. Allen (Ed.), Translation review (Vol. 65, pp. 1-5). Richardson, TX: The University of Texas at Dallas. Allen, R. (2013). Forward in Baghdad: The city in verse, translated and edited by Reuvin Snir. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. P. xxiii | ||
| Al-Musawi, M. J. (2006). Arabic Poetry: Trajectories of modernity and tradition. Routledge. P. 15 | ||
| Alsebti I. (2017). Jannat Al-’atād, Alsamum Dar Alyanabie, Syria, 2010. Altoma, S. J. (2010). Iraq’s Modern Arabic Literature: A Guide to English Translations since 1950. Scarecrow Press. Armitt, L. (2005). Fantasy Fiction: an introduction. Continuum International Publishing Group, 2005. Atia, N. (2019). The figure of the refugee in Hassan Blasim’s “The Reality and the Record”. The Journal of Commonwealth Literature, 54(3), 319-333. Ayalon, A. (1995). The press in the Arab Middle East: A history. Oxford University Press on Demand. P. 64-95 Aysha, E. E. D. M. (2019). Trouble in La La Land: Arab Utopian Science Fiction in Comparative Perspective. MOSF Journal of Science Fiction, 3(3), 20-32. | ||
| Baker, M., & Saldanha, G. (Eds.). (2009). Routledge encclpedia of translation studies. Routledge. P. 185 | ||
| Abdalkafor, O. (2018). Frankenstein and Frankenstein in Baghdad: The Sovereign, Homo Sacer and Violence. Postcolonial Text, 13(3). Abu Rashid, R., Azmi, M. N., Roslan, S. M. M., & Yunus, K. (2016). Fantasy versus Reality in Literature. Arab World English Journal (AWEJ) Special Issue on Literature No, 212-223. International Peer Reviewed Journal Issn: 2229-9327. 4 October, 2016 Agrin, M. (2017, November 24). The Duality of Intention in Arab and Western Research. Journal of studies on Arabic language and literature, 7(24), 1-30. https://www.sid.ir/en/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=575886 Aldiss, B. W., & Wigmore, D. (1986). Trillion year spree: The history of science fiction. London, England: Gollancz. Al-Hajaj, J. F. (2020). Magical Realism, the Oracular, Mysticism and Belief Legacy in Ahmed Saadawi’s Frankenstein in Baghdad. Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction, 1-15. Al-Jiyār, M. (1984). Mushkilat al-ḥadātha fī- riwāyat al-khayāl al- ʿilmī. [The Problem of Modernity in SF Novels] al- fuṣūl 4(4): 180-184. Alkon, P. K. (2013). Science Fiction before 1900: imagination discovers technology. Routledge, 198. Al-Masri, K. (2018). The Politics and Poetics of Madness in Ḥasan Blāsim’s The Madman of Freedom Square. Journal of Arabic Literature, 49(3), 271-295. Al-Sharuni, Y. (2000). Al-Khayāl al-ʽIlmi fī Al-Adab Al-ʽArabī Al-Muʽāsir. “Much of what is fiction is later proven by research.” Cairo: General Egyptian Book Organisation. p. 17. Alter, N. (2011). Creating a sense of place in fantasy fiction. Sydney: Text Journal, 15(1). Amis, K. (1962). New maps of hell: a survey of science fiction (1960), traduit de l’anglais par Jean-Louis Curtis sous le titre. L’univers de la science fiction. Anandrao, N. B., & Atkare, K. (2019). Love-Hate Relationship among SF, Science & Technology. Associate Professor&Head, Dept. of English Shri Muktanand College, Gangapur Dist. Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India. Antoon, S. (2013). Wahdaha Shajarat al-Rumman. (Beirut: al-Mu’assasa al-Arabiyya lil Dirasat wal-Nashr, 2010). Translated by the author as The Corpse Washer (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2013). Antoon, S. (2013). The Corpse Washer. Yale University Press. Applebaum, N. (2009). Representations of technology in science fiction for young people. Routledge. Apter, T. E. (1982). Fantasy literature: An approach to reality. Springer. Indian University Press. Arab Yousofadi, A., & Ahmadi CHenari, A. A. (2017). The Narratology of Fantasy Novel Imrat Al-Gharoorah by Salim Matar. Studies on Arabic Language and Literature, 7(24), 91-114. | ||
| Asaqala, I. (2011). Banāʾ al-shakhṣiyāt fī riwāyat al-khayāl al-ʿilmī fī al-Adab al-ʿarabī. Al-Azminah: Amman, 11-13 Asaqli, E. (2017). Science Fiction in Arabic Literature: History, Growth, Development and Position. International Journal of Advanced Research, 5, 1441-51. Ashley, M. (2016). Science Fiction Rebels: The Story of the Science-Fiction Magazines from 1981 to 1990. Oxford University Press. Asimov, I. (1953). Social Science Fiction. Turning Points: published in Modern Science Fiction, Its Meaning and Its Future, ed. Reginald Brentnor, (New York: Harper & Row, 1977), p. 166.
Asimov, I. (1979). Social Science Fiction. In: Bretnor, Reginald. Editor. Modern Science Fiction: Its Meaning and Its Future. Chicago: Advent. Attebery, B. (1992). Is Fantasy Literature? Tolkein and the Theorists. Strategies of Fantasy. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indian University Press, p. 207-213 Attebery, B. (2003). ‘The Magazine Era: 1926–1960’, in Edward James and Farah Mendelsohn (eds), The Cambridge Companion to Science Fiction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 32–47. Bahoora, H. (2015). Writing the dismembered nation: The aesthetics of horror in Iraqi narratives of war. The Arab Studies Journal, 23(1), 184-208. Bajaber, M. (2019). Arabic Science Fiction. 609-613 Baker, M., & Saldanha, G. (2020). Routledge encyclopedia of translation studies. P.185 Routledge. | ||
Baratta, C. (Ed.). (2011). Environmentalism in the realm of science fiction and fantasy literature. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Bassnett, S. & Lefevere, A. (1995). (eds.), Translation, History and Culture, Cassell, London, p. ix.
Bassnett, S. (2004). Translation Studies. London-New York: Routledge, 2004, pp. 1-4, Susan Bassnett and André Lefevere (eds.), Constructing Cultures, Multilungual Matters, Clevedon, 1998, pp. 123-128).
Bassnett, S. (2012). Translation studies at a cross-roads. Target. International Journal of Translation Studies, 24(1), 15-25.
Bauman, R. (2008). A world of others’ words: Cross-cultural perspectives on intertextuality. John Wiley & Sons.
Beardmore, L. (n.d). Iraqi Sci-Fi: Post War Visions of Trauma and Change. https://bosphorusreview.com/why-you-should-read-iraqi-sci-f
Belova, O., King, I., & Sliwa, M. (2008). Introduction: Polyphony and organization studies: Mikhail Bakhtin and beyond. Organization Studies, 29(4), 493-500.
Bennett, A., & Royle, N. (2016). An introduction to literature, criticism and theory. London: Routledge.
Berger, A. I. (1976). The triumph of prophecy: Science fiction and nuclear power in the post-Hiroshima period. Science Fiction Studies, 143-150.
Bina, O., Mateus, S., Pereira, L., & Caffa, A. (2017). The future imagined: Exploring fiction as a means of reflecting on today’s Grand Societal Challenges and tomorrow’s options. Futures, 86, 166-184.
Blackford, R. (2017). Science Fiction: A Short History of a Literary Genre. In Science Fiction and the Moral Imagination (pp. 21-44). Springer, Cham.
Blasim, H. (2009). The Madman of Freedom Square. Translated by Jonathan Wright. Manchester: Comma Press
Blasim, H. (2013). The Iraqi Christ. Translated by Jonathan Wright. Wright. Penguin Group (USA) LLC, New York.
Blasim, H. (2014). The Corpse Exhibition and Other Stories of Iraq. Translated by Jonathan Wright. Penguin Group (USA) LLC, New York.
Blasim, H. (2016). Iraq+ 100. Tom Doherty Associates.
Bleiler, E. F., & Bleiler, R. (2014). Bibliography of criticism on early science fiction. Vintage Visions: Essays on Early Science Fiction, 357.
Botting, F. (2001). Preface: The Gothic. Essays and studies, 1-7.
Bova, B. (1974). The Role of Science Fiction, Science Fiction: Today and Tomorrow. ed, Reginald Bretnor, New York: Harper and Row, 4.
Boyer, R. (1988). New technologies and employment in the 1980s: From science and technology to macroeconomic modelling. In Barriers to full employment (pp. 233-272). Palgrave Macmillan, London.
Burcher, C., Hollands, N., Smith, A., Trott, B., & Zellers, J. (2009). Core collections in genre studies: fantasy fiction 101. Reference & User Services Quarterly, 48(3), 226-231.
Butler, F. L. (1979). Fairy Tales and After: From Snow White to E. B. White. Roger Sale”. The Library Quarterly, Vol 49, no. 4, 1979, pp. 493-494. University Of Chicago Press, doi: 10.1086/600955.
Caiani, F., & Cobham, C. (2013). The Iraqi Novel: Key Writers, Key Texts. Edinburgh University Press.
Campbell, I. (2017). False Gods and Libertarians: Artificial Intelligence and Community in Ahmad `Abd al-Salām al-Baqqāli’s The Blue Flood and Heinlein’s The Moon is a Harsh Mistress.” Science Fiction Studies, #131 (March): 43–64.
Campbell, I. (2018). Arabic science fiction. Journal of science fiction, 3, issue 3, Palgrave Macmillan, P. 322. Palgrave MacMillan: London, 82.
Canavan, G., & Suvin, D. (2016). Metamorphoses of Science Fiction. London: Yale UP.
Carcano, A. (2006). End of the Occupation in 2004? The Status of the Multinational Force in Iraq after the Transfer of Sovereignty to the Interim Iraqi Government. Journal of Conflict and Security Law, 11(1), 41-66.
Carter, L. (1973). Imaginary worlds: The art of fantasy (Vol. 3309). New York: Ballantine Books, p. 6
Claus, D. (2018). Science Fiction Film and Late Modernity (Doctoral dissertation, Ghent University). P. 21
Clute, J. (2004). ‘Fantasy’from the Encyclopedia of Fantasy. Fantastic Literature: A Critical Reader, 310-15.
Crispin, E. (1963). Science Fiction, Times Literary Supplement. 25 October; 1963, TLS 865.
Csicsery-Ronay Jr, I. (2012). What do we mean when we say “Global Science Fiction”? Reflections on a new nexus. Science Fiction Studies, 39(3), 478-493.
Custers, D. (2019). Arabic Science Fiction as Vehicle for Criticism. P. iii
Disch, T. M. (2005). On SF: A last judgment on the genre from science fiction’s foremost critic. Michigan: University of Michigan Press. P. 271
Dodd, H. P. (1875). The epigrammatists: A selection from the epigrammatic literature of ancient, mediæval, and modern times. London. Bell and Daldy, York Street, Covent Garden. Pp. 329.
Edwards, A.F. (1996). Interdisciplinary undergraduate programs: A Directory. (2nd Ed.). Acton, MA: Copley Publishing Group.
Elayyan, H. (2017). The Monster Unleashed: Iraq’s Horrors of Everyday Life in Frankenstein in Baghdad. AWEJ for translation & Literary Studies volume, 1(1). 158-170.
Even-Zohar, I. (1990). Polysystem Theory. Poetics today, 1(1/2), 287-310.
Even-Zohar, I. (2005). Polysystem theory (revised). Papers in culture research, 38-49.
Falk, R. (2012). The costs of war: international law, the UN, and world order after Iraq. Routledge.
Fantasy Sub-genres. (2015, October 26). 17 Common Fantasy Sub-genres. A blog about the worlds. Conventions, and Curiosities of fantasy fiction. Thoughts on Fantasy. Retrieved from https://thoughtsonfantasy.com/
Fitzgerald, M. A. (2008). Young adult fantasy fiction in recent years: A selective annotated bibliography. Master Thesis. North Carolina: University of North Carolina, p. 6
Fitzpatrick, P. (2005). Bare sovereignty: Homo Sacer and the insistence of law. In Politics, Metaphysics, and Death. Duke University Press. p. 49-73
Five Children and It by Edith Nesbit (1902) by Edith Nesbit (1904)
Folch, C. (2013, June 13). Why the West loves Science Fiction and Fantasy: A Cultural Explanation. The Atlantic. Retrieved from:theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2013/06/why-the-west-loves-sci-fi-and-fantasy-a-cultural-explanation/276816/
Franzak, J., & Noll, E. (2006). Monstrous acts: Problematizing violence in young adult literature, 49(8), 662-672. Jackson, R. (2015). Fantasy: the literature of subversion. London: Routledge.
Freedman, C. (2001). Science fiction and utopia: A historico-philosophical overview. Learning from other worlds: Estrangement, cognition, and the politics of science fiction and utopia, 17, 72.
Gaiman, N. (2005). The Greenwood encyclopedia of science fiction and fantasy: Themes, works, and wonders (Vol. 3). Greenwood Publishing Group.
Garner, D. (2018). In ‘Frankenstein in Baghdad,’a Fantastical Manifestation of War’s Cruelties. The New York Times, 22.
Geary, R. F. (2006). The Gothic Vision: Three Centuries of Horror, Terror and Fear. P. 131
Gelder, K. (2004). Popular fiction: The logics and practices of a literary field. Routledge. P. 36
Godek, S. (2014). Fantasy – Post-war, Postmodern, and Postcolonial: Houses in Post-war fantasy. In Catherine Butler, Kimberley Reynolds (2nd Eds.) Modern Children’s Literature: An Introduction. London: Macmillan International Higher Education, P. 129
Goodwin, C., & Duranti, A. (Eds). (1992). Rethinking Context: Language as an Interactive Phenomenon. Cambridge University Press
Greenberg, N. (2019). Ahmed Khaled Towfik: Days of Rage and Horror in Arabic Science Fiction. Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction, 60(2), 169-178.
Hafez, S. (1992). The modern Arabic short story. The Cambridge History of Arabic Literature: Modern Arabic Literature, 270-271.
Hamed, E. (2020). Gothic is the New Iraq (Doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois at Chicago).
Hamedawi, S. (2017). The Postcolonial Iraqi Novel: Themes and Sources of Inspiration. Babel. Littératures plurielles, (36), 211-228.
Hanoosh, Y. S. (2013). Beyond the Trauma of War: Iraqi Literature. Words without Borders.
Hansen, P. J. (2004). Physiological and cellular adaptations of zebu cattle to thermal stress. Animal reproduction science, 82, 349-360.
Hayles, K. (2008). Chaos bound: Orderly disorder in contemporary literature and science. Published by Liverpool University Press. For additional information about … Working on the intersections of science and literature. By S Vint – 2008 – Cited by 3 – Related articles
Heller, J. (2017, October, 15). How Sci-Fi Writers Imagine Iraq’s Future. The Atlantic Monthly Group. Retrieved from www.amp.theatlantic.com/amp/article/541512/
Henderson, C. J. (2001). The encyclopedia of science fiction movies. Facts On File.
Hitchcock, P. (2020). Autonomy: The Social Ontology of Art under Capitalism by Nicholas Brown. The Comparatist, 44(1), 372-374.
Hoagland, E., & Sarwal, R. (Eds.). (2014). Science fiction, imperialism and the Third World: Essays on postcolonial literature and film. London: McFarland & Company, Inc. P. 18
Hobbes, T. (2019). The Elements of Law, Natural and Politic. Chapter 4:7. http://www.efm.bris.ac.uk/het/hobbes/elelaw; quoted as frontispiece by Patrick L. McGuire, introduction to Red Stars: Political Aspects of Soviet Science Fiction (Ann Arbor, Michigan: UMI Research Press.
Hogle, J. E. (2018). The Gothic Image and the Quandaries of Science in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein. In Global Frankenstein (pp. 21-35). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
Hu, Y. (2000). The sociosemiotic approach and translation of fiction. Translation journal, 4(4).
Hugo, G. (1920). U.S. Patent No. 1,354,389. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
Hunt, P., & Lenz, M. (Eds.). (2005). Alternative worlds in fantasy fiction. Continuum, 2005.
Ingebretsen, E. J. (1998). Monster‐Making: A Politics of Persuasion. Journal of American Culture, 21(2), 25-34.
Irving, S. (2013). Rethinking Corruption: Natural Knowledge and the New World in Joseph Hall’s Mundus Alter ET Idem. Journal of Early Modern Studies, (2), 150-168.
Isakhan, B. & Dawood, F. (2017). State-Society Relations in Iraq: Negotiating a Contested Historiography. In Isakhan, B., Mako, S. & Dawood, F. (Eds). State and Society in Iraq: Citizenship under Occupation, Dictatorship and Democratization (p. 7-29). London: I.B. Tauris & Co. 22
Iser, W. (1975, August). The reality of fiction: a functionalist approach to literature. New Literary History, 7(1), 7-38. Retrieved from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4638276
Israel son, P. (2016). Brian Attebery, Stories about Stories: Fantasy and the Remaking of Myth. Barnboken, 39. doi: 10.14811/clr.v39i0.234
Jackson, R. (2015). Fantasy: the literature of subversion. London: Routledge.
James, E., & Mendlesohn, F. (Eds.). (2013). The Cambridge companion to science fiction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CCOL0521816262.001. p. 15
Jani, B. (2015). Violence as the abject in Iraqi literature: Ahmed Saadawi’s Frankenstein in Baghdad and Marry Shelley’s Frankenstein. University of Sheffield, UK. (1) 4. 321-336
Jing-yan, Z. H. A. N. G. (2008). Gothic Legacy in Modern Fantasy Fiction in the West. Journal of Chongqing Three Gorges University, (6), 10.
Kamat, A., & Bilal, W. (2010). Interview with Iraqi Artist Wafaa Bilal. The Arab Studies Journal, 18(1), 316-329.
Kennedy, X. J., & Gioia, D. (2013). Literature: An introduction to fiction, poetry, drama, and writing. D. Stone (Ed.). Pearson. New York: Harper Collins, 1991: Pp. 31-35.
Khammas, H. J. (2018). Overcoming Sexuality. Ideology & Masculinity in Iraqi Fiction before and After 2003. TRANS-. Revue de littérature générale ET compare, (23). Openedition, doi:10.4000/trans.2037.
Kristeva, J. (1982). Powers of Horror: An Essay on Abjection. Chapter seven: Suffering and Horror. European Perspectives: a series of the Columbia University Press, New York.
Kristeva, J. (2002). The portable kristeva. Columbia university press. 238
Langer, J. (2011). Indigenous Knowledge and Western Science. In Postcolonialism and Science Fiction (pp. 127-152). Palgrave Macmillan, London.
Langer, J. (2011). Postcolonialism and Science Fiction. First published 2011 by Palgrave Macmillan in the US, New York, NY 10010. Pp. 23-110
Le Guin, U. K. (1979). The language of the night: essays on fantasy and science fiction. Ultramarine Publishing.
Le Guin, U. K. (2015). Are they going to say this is fantasy?. Book View Café, 2.
Lombardo, T. (2006). Contemporary futurist thought: Science fiction, future studies, and theories and visions of the future in the last century. Author House. P. 13-225
Löytty, O. (2019). 2 Follow the Translations! The Transnational Circulation of Hassan Blasim’s Short Stories. The Aesthetics and Politics of Linguistic Borders: Multilingualism in Northern European Literature.
Lucas, C. (2006). Melbourne in Line for Corpse Exhibition. Age, 17.
Luckhurst, R. (2005). Science fiction. Polity.
Luckhurst, R. (2012). In War Times: Fictionalizing Iraq. Contemporary Literature, 53(4), 713-737. University Of Wisconsin Press, doi:10.1353/cli.2012.0040.
Mahdi, M. S. (1995). The Thousand and One Nights (Alf Layla wa-Layla) (2 vols.): The Classic Edition (1984-1994). In The Thousand and One Nights (Alf Layla wa-Layla) (2 vols.). Brill.
Malcuzynski, M. (1984). Polyphonic theory and contemporary literary practices. Studies in 20th & 21st Century Literature, 9(1), 7.
Malik, N. (2009). What happened to Arab science fiction? The Guardian, 30.
Mandala, S. (2010). The language of science fiction and fantasy: The Question of Style. Bloomsbury Publishing.
Mannolini-Winwood, S. (2016). Urban Fantasy: Theorising an Emergent Literary Subgenre (Doctoral dissertation, Murdoch University).
Mansfield, E. (1991). Academic research and industrial innovation. Research policy, 20(1), 1-12.
Marr, P., & Al-Marashi, I. (2018). The modern history of Iraq. Routledge.
Masko, A. (2015). Religious Conflicts after the 2003 Invasion of Iraq Reflected in Contemporary Iraqi Prose Works. Hemispheres, 30(2), 75.
Masmoudi, I. (2015). War and Occupation in Iraqi Fiction. Edinburgh Studies in Modern Arabic Literature. Edinburgh University Press. Pp. 256. By A Moosavi – 2017.
Mathaias, S. (2016). Do you believe in magic? The Potency of the Fantasy Genre. Coolabah, Australian Studies Centre, Universitat De Barcelona, 18.
McAvan, E. (2007). The postmodern sacred: Popular culture spirituality in the genres of science fiction, fantasy and fantastic horror (Doctoral dissertation, Murdoch University).
McCarthy, P. A. (2019). Science Fiction and the Moral Imagination: Visions, Minds, Ethics
McClaran, M. P., & Van Devender, T. R. (Eds.). (1997). The desert grassland. University of Arizona Press.
McShane, R. M., & Sheila A. E. (1989). Worlds Within: Children’s Fantasy from the middle Ages to Today. Journal of Education for Library and Information Science, 30(1), 72. JSTOR.
Menadue, C. B., & Cheer, K. D. (2017, August, 3). Human Culture and Science Fiction: A Review of the Literature, 1980-2016. SAGE Open, 7(3), p. 215- 400. SAGE Publications, doi: 10.1177/2158244017723690.
Merritt, A. (1957). The Ship of Ishtar. Vintage Avon, T-152. Mass Market Paperback – January 1, 1957
Micklem, S. (2004). Firethorn.
Mohamed Roslan, S. M., Ab Rashid, R., Yunus, K., & Latiff Azmi, M. N. (2016, October 20). Fantasy versus Reality in Literature. Arab World English Journal (AWEJ), Special Issue on Literature, (4), 212-223.
Mukherjee, S. (2020). What’s its Name? Dealing with Monstrous Identities in Ahmed Saadawi’s Frankenstein in Baghdad. Ars Artium, 24.
Murphy, S. (2018). Frankenstein in Baghdad: Human Conditions, or Conditions of Being Human. Science Fiction Studies, 45(2), 273-288
Mustafa, S. (Ed.). (2008). Contemporary Iraqi fiction: an anthology. Syracuse University Press.
Najjar, A. M. (2014a). A Golden Piece of Shit: ‘Frankenstein in Baghdad on Morality and War.’ Arabic Literature (in English), 6. 6 February 2014.
Najjar, A. M. (2014b). Iraqi author Ahmad Saadawi: ‘The novel implicitly questions this concept of salvation’. Arabic Literature (in English), 26.
Nerlich, B., Clarke, D. D., & Dingwall, R. (1999). The influence of popular cultural imagery on public attitudes towards cloning. Sociological Research Online, 4(3), 251-261.
Nicholls, P., & Clute, J. (1993). The Encyclopedia of science fiction. London: Orbit, 714.
Nichols, R., Lynn, J., & Purzycki, B. G. (2014). Toward a science of science fiction: Applying quantitative methods to genre individuation. Scientific Study of Literature, 4(1), 25-45.
O’Connell, D. (2014, February 24). Translating Horror: Hassan Blasim’s The Corpse Exhibition and Other Stories of Iraq.
Olša Jr, J. (1993). Arabic sf. Brian Stableford (contributing editor), John Grant (technical editor), the encyclopedia of science fiction, 49.
Peterson, R. (2013). Out of Africa: Lit mags related to Africa and diaspora. The Review. Retrieved February 16, 2014, from http://www.thereviewreview .net/publishing-tips/out-africa-lit-magsrelated-africa-and-diasp
Punter, D., & Byron, G. (2004). The gothic (p. xx316). Oxford: Blackwell.
Rabkin, E. S. (2020, October, 23). Science fiction and the future of criticism. PMLA, 119(3), 457-473. doi:10.1632/003081204X20488
Radek, K. M. (2016). Using Fantasy to Save Reality, or the Importance of the Quest to Understanding Gendered and Religious Identity Construction (Doctoral dissertation, Union Institute and University).
Riccardi, A. (ed.) (2002) Translation Studies: Perspectives on an Emerging Discipline, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rieder, J. (2010). On defining SF, or not: Genre theory, SF, and history. Science Fiction Studies, 191-209.
Roberts, A. (2005). The End of Occupation: Iraq 2004. International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 54(1), 27-48., Accessed 27 Mar 2020.
Roberts, A. (2019). Science fiction. In HG Wells. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. P. 41-57
Roberts, L., Lafta, R., Garfield, R., Khudhairi, J., & Burnham, G. (2004). Mortality before and after the 2003 invasion of Iraq: cluster sample survey. The Lancet, 364(9448), 1857-1864.
Robinson, A. (2011). In theory Bakhtin: Dialogism, polyphony and heteroglossia. Ceasefire Magazine, 29.
Rowling, J. K. (1997). Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone: The Illustrated Edition (Harry Potter (p. 256).
Rowling, J. K. (2015). Harry Potter and the philosopher’s stone (Vol. 1). Bloomsbury Publishing.
Saadawi, A. (2018). Frankenstein in Baghdad. Translated by Jonathan Wright. Oneworld Publications.
Sale, R. (1979). Zora.
Sallis, E. (2013). Sheherazade Through the Looking Glass: The Metamorphosis of the’Thousand and One Nights’. Routledge.
Sandner, D. (2004). Fantastic literature: a critical reader. Greenwood Publishing Group. P. 223
Sartre, J. P. (1988). “What is literature?” and other essays. Harvard University Press. P. 29
Scholes, R. (2005). The roots of science fiction. In James Gunn and Matthew Candelaria (Eds.), Speculations on Speculation. 205-217, Lanham – Maryland – Toronto – Oxford: The Scarecrow Press, Inc. P. 46-56
Scott, W. (Ed.). (1987). Introduction to the Castle of Otranto in Horace Walpole: The Critical Heritage, Peter Sabor (London: Routledge). P. 91
Shen, D. (1992). Syntax and Literary Significance in the Translation of Realistic Fiction. Babel, 38(3), 149-167.
Smith, E. D. (2012). Globalization, Utopia and postcolonial science fiction: New maps of hope. Palgrave Macmillan.
Snir, R. (2000). The emergence of science fiction in Arabic literature. ISLAM-BERLIN-, 77(2), 263-285.
Snir, R. (2002). Literature: Science Fiction in Arabic Literature: Translation, Adaptation, Original Writing and Canonization, 5(2), 209-229.
Springer, J. P. (Ed.). (2014). Docufictions: Essays on the intersection of documentary and fictional filmmaking. McFarland.
Stableford, B. M. (1987). The Sociology of Science Fiction. University of York, department of sociology in September 1978. 4
Stableford, B. M. (2005). Historical Dictionaries of Literature and the Arts. Oxford: The Scarecrow Press, Inc. p. xxxvii
Stableford, B. N. (1979). Notes toward a sociology of science fiction. Foundation: The Review of Science Fiction, 15, 28-40
Sternberg, M. (1981). Polylingualism as reality and translation as mimesis. Poetics today, 2(4), 221-239.
Stolarek, J. & Wilinski, J. (2015). Political Discourse in Contemporary Anglophone Literature and Culture.
Suvin, D. (2004). Of Starship Troopers and Refuseniks: War and Militarism in US Science Fiction (Overview in Lieu of Introduction). Of Starship Troopers and Refuseniks, 1000-1048.
Suvin, D. (1979). Metamorphoses of science fiction: On the poetics and history of a literary genre. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Suvin, D. (2010). Defined by a hollow: Essays on utopia, science fiction and political epistemology (Vol. 6). Peter Lang.
Syahrullah, A. S. (2012). The Aspects of Fantasy in Lewis’ The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe. M. A. Thesis. Indonesia: Yogyakarta State University, p. 19
Taweel, K. (2014). Frankenstein: A corpse revenging for victims in Baghdad. Translated by the author. Al-Hayat, 3 May. www.alhayat.com/Articles/2127680/.
The Princess and the Goblin by George Macdonald (1872)
The Story of the Amulet by Edith Nesbit (1906)
The Well at the Word’s End: Vol 2 by William Morris (1896)
The Wood beyond the World by William Morris (1894)
Timmerman, J. (1983). Other worlds. Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green University Popular Press.
Todorov, T., Berrong, R. M. (1976). The origin of genres. New Literary History, 8, 159-170. doi:10.2307/468619
Toffler, A. (1981). Future shock, 1970. Sydney. Pan.
Toury, G. (1981). Translated literature: system, norm, performance: toward a TT-oriented approach to literary translation. Poetics Today, 2(4), 9-27.
Tymn, M. B. (1985). Science fiction: A brief history and review of criticism. American Studies International, 23(1), 41-66. Accessed 27 March 2020.
United States Institute of Peace (USIP). (2019, August, 4). The Current Situation in Iraq. Retrieved from https://www.usip.org/publications/2019/03/current-situation-iraq
Van Dijck, J. (2008, November, 7). Cloning humans, cloning literature: Genetics and the imagination deficit. New Genetics and Society, 18(1), 9-22. doi:10.1080/14636779908656887
Venuti, L. (1995). The translator’s invisibility: A history of translation. London, UK: Routledge.
Viernes, N. (2014). Hassan Blasim’s The Corpse Exhibition : The Literature of War
Vike, M. (2009). The familiar and the fantastic. A Study of Contemporary High Fantasy in George RR Martin’s A Song of Ice and Fire and Steven Erikson’s Malazan Book of the Fallen. Master’s Thesis. Department of Foreign Languages. University of Bergen. P. 7
Webster, A. (2018). Ahmed Saadawi’s Frankenstein in Baghdad: A Tale of Biomedical Salvation? Literature and Medicine, 36(2), 439-463.
Wells, H. G. (2017). The time machine. Oxford University Press.
Wendland, A. (1985). Science, myth, and the fictional creation of alien worlds (No. 12). UMI Research Press.
Wilson, S. R. (Eds). (2003). Margaret Atwood’s Textual Assassinations: Recent Poetry and Fiction. Columbus: The Ohio University State Press Columbus.
Wolfe, G. K. (2004). The encounter with fantasy in D. Sandner, fantastic literature: A critical reader. London: Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 229. Wolfe is referring to Darko Suvin’s Metamorphoses of science fiction, p. 7-9
Wolfe, M. (2007). Bourdieu’s of the game: An introspection into methodological questions of translation sociology.
Wolk, L. R. (2016). Maps, memorialization, and identity: Cartographic control and remediated monumental space in post-2003 Iraqi fiction (Doctoral dissertation, Saint Louis University).
Young, C. J. (2013). From Nowhere: Utopian and Dystopian Visions of Our Past, Present, and Future. Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library.
Young, H. (Ed.). (2015). Fantasy and Science Fiction Medievalisms: From Isaac Asimov to a Game of Thrones. Cambria Press.
Zeidel, R. (2014). Fabio Caiani and Catherine Cobham. The Iraqi Novel: Key Writers, Key Texts (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2013), 264 pp ISBN 978-0-74864-141-3. Bustan: The Middle East Book Review, 5(2), 192-195.
Zipes, J. (2009). Why Fantasy Matters Too Much. Comparative Literature and Culture. The Journal of Aesthetic Education, 43(2), 77-91. Project Muse, doi: 10.1353/jae. 0.0039.
Zipes, J. D. (2002). A Bibliography of Publications by Jack Zipes on Fairy Tales, Fantasy, and Children’s Literature.” Marvels & Amp; Tales, 16(2), 132-139. Project Muse, doi: 10.1353
Samer Ayad Ali Al-Fahham: assistant lecturer at the University of Kufa, Faculty of Languages, Department of English Language and Literature, Iraq. He holds an MA degree in English literature from the University of Istanbul, Turkey. He taught at Cambridge Institute as a trainer in Iraq. He published two papers in international journals. He is interested in literary studies, stylistics, fiction, non-fiction, and critical theories. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0952-1788